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Brian A. Karamian
( out of 123 reviews )

Brian A. Karamian, MD

Languages spoken: English

Clinical Locations

University Orthopaedic Center

Salt Lake City
801-587-7109
  • Dr. Karamian is a Board Certified spine surgeon at the University of Utah who manages all aspects of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine including stenosis, disc herniations, radiculopathy, myelopathy, deformity/scoliosis, trauma, tumors, and infection. Dr. Karamian takes a patient-centered approach, utilizing both operative and non-operative interventions to help patients achieve their goals. His practice includes minimally invasive techniques and robotic surgery for the management of degenerative conditions of the spine, focusing on improved outcomes for patients.

    Dr. Karamian has a strong interest in advancing the field of spine surgery through basic science and clinical research, and is the recipient of multiple research grants and awards. He has authored numerous publications, book chapters, abstracts, and presents regularly at national and international meetings on topics related to diseases of the spine.

    Dr. Karamian graduated from UC Berkeley with consecutive Dean's List enrollments, Departmental Honors, and an Honors Thesis in Biochemistry. He obtained his medical degree from the University of Southern California achieving Dean's Recognition. He completed his orthopaedic surgery residency at Stanford University and was inducted into the Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honor Society. Before joining the faculty at the University of Utah, he completed a 2-year research and clinical spine surgery fellowship at the Rothman Institute/Thomas Jefferson University, regarded as one of the top spine fellowships in the country.

    Patient Rating

    4.8 /5
    ( out of 123 reviews )

    The patient rating score is an average of all responses on our patient experience survey. The rating averages scores for all questions about care from our providers.

    The scale on which responses are measured is 1 to 5 with 5 being the best score.

    Patient Comments

    Patient comments are gathered from our patient experience survey and displayed in their entirety.
    Patients are de-identified for confidentiality and patient privacy.

    October 29, 2024
    ORTHOPAEDICS CENTER

    I will never be seen by this doctor again. Very disappointing and in disbelief in how unfair and uncaring he was.i specialist she be going of a mri than an x-ray results. The quality of care I received was poor and unexceptable.

    October 23, 2024
    ORTHOPAEDICS CENTER

    Dr karamian from the very beginning was kind and patient. He listened to all our concerns , answered all our questions. We felt very confident with his whole team. Never before have we been treated so genuinely by a dr . The surgery we are having is complicated and scary . Before our arrival to Utah we were apprehensive since we had already had two failed surgeries elsewhere, but after the initial visit with dr karamian he had made us feel confident that all was going to work out. He has given us hope for the future where before we had little. Thank you dr karamian and team for all you have done for us. We would highly recommend dr Karamian .

    October 20, 2024
    ORTHOPAEDICS CENTER

    Really liked him. He was very thorough with treatment. Helped me understand what's happening to me.

    October 18, 2024
    ORTHOPAEDICS CENTER

    An excellent physician/surgeon in all regards!!

    October 18, 2024
    ORTHOPAEDICS CENTER

    Dr. Karamian and the assisting doctor did thorough assessments of my recovery from surgery and answered all of my questions.

    October 10, 2024
    ORTHOPAEDICS CENTER

    I trust Dr Karamian with my entire spine.

    October 10, 2024
    ORTHOPAEDICS CENTER

    Me ha visto desde hace varios meses y se decidió una cirugía. Estaré en sus manos porque me parece un profesional de alta calidad

    October 10, 2024
    HUNTSMAN CANCER CENTER

    Would highly recommend Dr. Karamian to anybody that needed his specialty.

    September 22, 2024
    ORTHOPAEDICS CENTER

    Excellent doctor very caring about patients well being I would highly recommend this doctor and all of his staff

  • Dr. Karamian is a Board Certified spine surgeon at the University of Utah who manages all aspects of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine including stenosis, disc herniations, radiculopathy, myelopathy, deformity/scoliosis, trauma, tumors, and infection. Dr. Karamian takes a patient-centered approach, utilizing both operative and non-operative interventions to help patients achieve their goals. His practice includes minimally invasive techniques and robotic surgery for the management of degenerative conditions of the spine, focusing on improved outcomes for patients.

    Dr. Karamian has a strong interest in advancing the field of spine surgery through basic science and clinical research, and is the recipient of multiple research grants and awards. He has authored numerous publications, book chapters, abstracts, and presents regularly at national and international meetings on topics related to diseases of the spine.

    Dr. Karamian graduated from UC Berkeley with consecutive Dean's List enrollments, Departmental Honors, and an Honors Thesis in Biochemistry. He obtained his medical degree from the University of Southern California achieving Dean's Recognition. He completed his orthopaedic surgery residency at Stanford University and was inducted into the Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honor Society. Before joining the faculty at the University of Utah, he completed a 2-year research and clinical spine surgery fellowship at the Rothman Institute/Thomas Jefferson University, regarded as one of the top spine fellowships in the country.

    Board Certification and Academic Information

    Academic Departments Orthopaedics -Primary

    Education history

    Fellowship Spine Surgery - Rothman Orthopaedic Institute/Thomas Jefferson University Hospital Fellow
    Residency Orthopaedic Surgery - Stanford University School of Medicine Resident
    Professional Medical Medicine - Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California M.D.
    Undergraduate Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - University of California, Berkeley B.A.

    Selected Publications

    Journal Article

    1. Levy HA, Ulrich MN, Messer C, Pumford A, Kelley B, Rose PS, Currier B, Nassr AN, Freedman BA, Helgeson M, Houdek M, Smither F, Karamian BA, Sebastian AS (2024). The Impact of Unilateral Transfemoral Amputation on Lumbar Bone and Muscle Quality. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. ()
    2. Mizels J, Connelly JW, Spina N, Lawrence B, Karamian BA (2024). Hangman's Fractures: A Review of Current Concepts in Evaluation and Management. Clin Spine Surg. ()
    3. Joaquim AF, Bigdon SF, Bransford R, Chhabra HS, Yurac R, Kumar V, El-Sharkawi M, Benneker LM, Karamian BA, Canseco JA, Scherer J, Hassan AA, Schroeder GD, ner CF, Rajasekaran S, Vialle E, Kanna RM, Vaccaro AR, Tee J, Camino-Willhuber G, Fisher CG, Dvorak MF, Schnake KJ, AO Spine Knowledge Forum Trauma Infection (2024). Streamlining the Journey of Research Into Clinical Practice: Making Your Patients and Practice Flourish Optimizing Management and Minimizing Risk of Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures - Perspectives of the AO Spine KF Trauma and Infection Group Key Opinion Leaders. Global Spine J, 21925682241278953. ()
    4. Levy HA, Pumford A, Kelley B, Allen TG, Pinter ZW, Girdler SJ, Bydon M, Fogelson JL, Elder BD, Currier B, Nassr AN, Karamian BA, Freedman BA, Sebastian AS (2024). Unilateral versus bilateral pedicle screw fixation with anterior lumbar interbody fusion: a comparison of postoperative outcomes. Eur Spine J. ()
    5. Levy HA, Boere P, Randell Z, Bodnar J, Paulik J, Spina NT, Spiker WR, Lawrence BD, Brodke DS, Kurd MF, Rihn JA, Canseco JA, Schroeder GD, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Currier B, Huddleston PM, Nassr AN, Freedman BA, Sebastian AS, Hilibrand AS, Karamian BA (2024). Factors Related to Clinical Performance in Spine Surgery Fellowship: Can We Predict Success. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 32(18), e940-e950. ()
    6. Levy HA, Pinter ZW, Reed R, Harmer JR, Raftery K, Nathani KR, Katsos K, Bydon M, Fogelson JL, Elder BD, Currier BL, Newell N, Nassr AN, Freedman BA, Karamian BA, Sebastian AS (2024). Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion subsidence: computed tomography analysis of incidence, associated risk factors, and impact on outcomes. J Neurosurg Spine, 1-10. ()
    7. Connelly JW, Mizels J, Karamian BA, Spiker WR, Lawrence B, Brodke DS, Spina N (2024). Craniocervical dissociation: A framework for diagnosis and management of a rare but never miss injury. Semin Spine Surg, 36(2). ()
    8. Levy HA, Pinter ZW, Pumford A, Padilla S, Salmons HI, Townsley S, Katsos K, Clarke M, Bydon M, Fogelson JL, Elder BD, Currier B, Freedman BA, Nassr AN, Karamian BA, Sebastian AS (2024). The effect of C2 screw type on perioperative outcomes and long-term stability after C2-T2 posterior cervical decompression and fusion. Eur Spine J, 33(6), 2314-2321. ()
    9. Levy HA, Pinter ZW, Pumford A, Salmons HI, Townsley S, Katsos K, Reed R, Chen S, Abode-Iyamah K, Deen HG, Clarke M, Bydon M, Fogelson JL, Elder BD, Currier B, Freedman BA, Nassr AN, Karamian BA, Sebastian AS (2024). The Effect of C2 Muscular Exposure Technique on Radiographic and Clinical Outcomes After C2-T2 Posterior Cervical Fusion. Clin Spine Surg. ()
    10. Lambrechts MJ, Schroeder GD, Karamian BA, Canseco JA, Bransford R, Oner C, Benneker LM, Kandziora F, Shanmuganathan R, Kanna R, Joaquim AF, Chapman JR, Vialle E, El-Sharkawi M, Dvorak M, Schnake K, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR (2024). Global Validation of the AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification: Geographic Region Affects Reliability and Reproducibility. Semin Spine Surg, 14(3), 821-829. ()
    11. Siegel N, Lambrechts MJ, Brush PL, Tomlak A, Lee Y, Karamian BA, Canseco JA, Woods BI, Kaye ID, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2023). A Longitudinal Evaluation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Its Effects on Spinal Decompressions With or Without Fusion. Clin Spine Surg, 37(3), E131-E136. ()
    12. Lambrechts MJ, DAntonio ND, Heard JC, Toci GR, Karamian BA, Sherman M, Canseco JA, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Hilibrand AS, Schroeder GD (2024). Opioid Use Increases the Rate of Pseudarthrosis and Revision Surgery in Patients Undergoing Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion. Semin Spine Surg, 14(2), 620-630. ()
    13. DAntonio NDLambrechts MJHeard JCSiegel NKaramian BAHuang ACanseco JAWoods BKaye IDHilibrand ASKepler CKVaccaro ARSchroeder GD (2024). The Effect of Preoperative Marijuana Use on Surgical Outcomes, Patient-Reported Outcomes, and Opioid Consumption Following Lumbar Fusion. Semin Spine Surg, 14(2), 568-576. ()
    14. Follett M, Karamian B, Liu N, Alamin T, Wood KB (2024). Reliability of semi-automated spinal measurement software. Spine Deform, 12(2), 323-327. ()
    15. Paziuk T, Mazmudar AS, Issa TZ, Henry TW, Patel AA, Hilibrand AS, Schroeder GD, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Rihn JA, Brodke DS, Bisson EF, Karamian BA (2024). Does operative level impact dysphagia severity following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion? a multicenter prospective analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). ()
    16. Lambrechts MJ, DAntonio ND, Heard JC, Yalla G, Karamian BA, Markova DZ, Kepler CK (2024). The Inhibitory Effect of NSAIDs and Opioids on Spinal Fusion: An animal model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). ()
    17. Levy HA, Pinter ZW, Kazarian ER, Sodha S, Rhee JM, Fehlings MG, Freedman BA, Nassr AN, Karamian BA, Sebastian AS, Currier B (2024). Contemporary Practice Patterns in the Treatment of Cervical Stenosis and Central Cord Syndrome: A Survey of the Cervical Spine Research Society. Clin Spine Surg. ()
    18. Mizels J, Connelly J, Martin B, Karamian B, Spiker WR, Lawrence BD, Brodke DS, Spina NT (2024). How Do Functional Comorbidities Affect PROMIS-PF Scores Following Lumbar Fusion Surgery? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). ()
    19. Lambrechts MJ, Schroeder GD, Karamian BA, Canseco JA, Oner C, Vialle E, Rajasekaran S, Hazenbiller O, Dvorak MR, Benneker LM, Kandziora F, Schnake K, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR (2024). Development of Online Technique for International Validation of the AO Spine Subaxial Injury Classification System. Semin Spine Surg, 14(1), 177-186. ()
    20. Canseco JA, Levy HA, Karamian BA, Blaber O, Chang M, Patel N, Curran J, Hilibrand AS, Schroeder GD, Vaccaro AR, Markova DZ, Surrey DE, Kepler CK (2023). Inhibition of Neurogenic Inflammatory Pathways Associated with the Reduction in Discogenic Back Pain. Asian Spine J, 17(6), 1043-1050. ()
    21. Karamian BA, Canseco JA, Kanhere AP, Minetos PD, Lambrechts MJ, Lee Y, Trenchfield D, Pohl N, Kothari P, Conaway W, Jeyamohan H, Endersby K, Kaye D, Woods BI, Rihn JA, Kurd MF, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2023). Reimbursement of Lumbar Fusion at an Orthopaedic Specialty Hospital Versus Tertiary Referral Center. Clin Spine Surg. ()
    22. Levy HA, Karamian BA, Adams AJ, Mao JZ, Canseco JA, Mandel J, Gebeyehu TF, Harlamova D, Bhatt SD, Heinle J, Kaye ID, Woods BI, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2023). The Impact of Preoperative Symptom Duration on Patient Outcomes After Posterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion. Semin Spine Surg, 13(8), 2463-2470. ()
    23. Karamian BA, DiMaria SL, Sawires AN, Canseco JA, Basques BA, Toci GR, Radcliff KE, Rihn JA, Kaye ID, Hilibrand AS, Lee JK, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2023). Clinical Outcomes of Robotic Versus Freehand Pedicle Screw Placement After One-to Three-Level Lumbar Fusion. Semin Spine Surg, 13(7), 1871-1877. ()
    24. Karamian BA, Schroeder GD, Lambrechts MJ, Canseco JA, Vialle EN, Rajasekaran S, Benneker LM, Dvorak MR, Kandziora F, Oner C, Schnake K, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR (2023). The Influence of Regional Differences on the Reliability of the AO Spine Sacral Injury Classification System. Semin Spine Surg, 13(7), 2025-2032. ()
    25. Mao JZ, Soliman MAR, Karamian BA, Khan A, Fritz AG, Avasthi N, DiMaria S, Levy BR, OConnor TE, Schroeder G, Pollina J, Vaccaro AR, Mullin JP (2023). Anatomical and Technical Considerations of Robot-Assisted Cervical Pedicle Screw Placement: A Cadaveric Study. Semin Spine Surg, 13(7), 1992-2000. ()
    26. Levy HA, Pinter ZW, Honig R, Salmons HI 4th, Hobson SL, Karamian BA, Freedman BA, Elder BD, Fogelson JL, Nassr AN, Sebastian AS (2023). A Standardized Curriculum Improves Trainee Rod Bending Proficiency in Spinal Deformity Surgery. Results of a Prospective Randomized Controlled Educational Study. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. ()
    27. Canseco JA, Chang M, Karamian BA, Mao JZ, Reyes AA, Mangan J, Divi SN, Goyal DKC, Salmons HI, Dohse N, Levy N, Detweiler M, Anderson DG, Rihn JA, Kurd MF, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2023). Predictors of Prolonged Opioid Use After Lumbar Fusion and the Effects of Opioid Use on Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. Semin Spine Surg, 13(6), 1582-1591. ()
    28. Lambrechts MJ, Toci GR, Fried TB, Issa TZ, Karamian BA, Carter MV, Breyer GM, Curran JG, Hassan W, Jeyamohan H, Minetos PD, Stolzenberg D, Mehnert M, Canseco JA, Woods BI, Kaye ID, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2023). Preoperative Opioid Prescribers and Lumbar Fusion: Their Effect on Clinical Outcomes and Postoperative Opioid Usage. Clin Spine Surg. ()
    29. Toci G, Lambrechts MJ, Issa T, Karamian B, Siegel N, Antonio N, Canseco J, Kurd M, Woods B, Kaye ID, Hilibrand A, Kepler C, Vaccaro A, Schroeder G (2023). Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Incidental Durotomy during Lumbar Spine Decompression with or without Fusion. Asian Spine J. ()
    30. DAntonio N, Lambrechts MJ, Heard J, Bertiaume E, Toci G, Karamian B, Breyer G, Bodnar J, Canseco J, Hilibrand A, Schroeder G, Vaccaro AR, Kepler C (2023). Effect of Interbody Composition on the Development of Pseudarthrosis Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion. Asian Spine J. ()
    31. Lambrechts MJ, Canseco JA, Toci GR, Karamian BA, Kepler CK, Smith ML, Schroeder GD, Hilibrand AS, Heller JE, Grasso G, Gottfried O, Kebaish KM, Harrop JS, Shaffrey C, Vaccaro AR (2023). Spine Surgical Subspecialty and Its Effect on Patient Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 48(9), 625-635. ()
    32. Lambrechts MJ, Schroeder GD, Tran K, Li S, Huang A, Chu J, Karamian BA, Canseco JA, Hilibrand AS, Oner C, Dvorak M, Schnake K, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR (2023). Validation of the AO Spine Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System Treatment Algorithm: Should it be used to Guide Fracture Management? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). ()
    33. Karamian BA, Levy HA, Yalla GR, DAntonio ND, Heard JC, Lambrechts MJ, Canseco JA, Vaccaro AR, Markova DZ, Kepler CK (2023). Varenicline Mitigates the Increased Risk of Pseudoarthrosis Associated with Nicotine. Spine J. ()
    34. Karamian BA, Levy HA, DiMaria SL, Ju DG, Canseco JA, Yen W, Maheu A, Mangan JJ, Goyal DKC, Radcliff KE, Kaye ID, Rihn JA, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2023). Effect of Clinical and Radiographic Degenerative Spondylolisthesis Classification on Patient-reported Outcomes and Spinopelvic Parameters for Patients With Single-level L4-L5 Degenerative Spondylolisthesis After Lumbar Fusion. Clin Spine Surg. ()
    35. Turtle J, Randell Z, Karamian B, Spiker R, Lawrence B, Brodke D, Spina N (2023). Response to pre-operative Steroid Injections Predicts Surgical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Fusion for Isthmic Spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 48(13), 914-919. ()
    36. Lambrechts MJ, Siegel N, Issa TZ, Lee Y, Karamian B, Ciesielka KA, Wang J, Carter M, Lieb Z, Zaworski C, Dambly J, Canseco JA, Woods B, Hilibrand A, Kepler C, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2023). Creation of a Risk Calculator for Predicting New-Onset Cardiac Arrhythmias in Patients Undergoing Lumbar Fusion. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. ()
    37. Karamian BA, Levy HA, Canseco JA, Goyal DKC, Divi SN, Lee JK, Kurd MF, Rihn JA, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2023). Does Facet Distraction Affect Patient Outcomes After ACDF? Semin Spine Surg, 13(3), 689-695. ()
    38. DAntonio ND, Lambrechts MJ, Trenchfield D, Sherman M, Karamian BA, Fredericks DJ, Boere P, Siegel N, Tran K, Canseco JA, Kaye ID, Rihn J, Woods BI, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2023). Patient-specific Risk Factors Increase Episode of Care Costs After Lumbar Decompression. Clin Spine Surg. ()
    39. Siegel N, Lambrechts MJ, Brush PL, Karamian B, Lee Y, Depalma M, Delvadia B, Song S, Toci GR, Canseco JA, Woods BI, Kaye ID, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2023). Do On-Table Radiographs Predict Postoperative Sagittal Alignment after Posterior Lumbar Fusion? World Neurosurg. ()
    40. Karamian BA, Schroeder GD, Lambrechts MJ, Canseco JA, Vialle EN, Kandziora F, Benneker LM, Shanmuganathan R, ner FC, Schnake KJ, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, AO Spine Sacral Classification Group Members (2023). Validation of the Hierarchical Nature of the AO Spine Sacral Classification and the Development of the Sacral AO Spine Injury Score. Clin Spine Surg. ()
    41. Lambrechts MJ, Toci GR, Karamian BA, Siniakowicz C, Canseco JA, Woods BI, Hilibrand AS, Schroeder GD, Vaccaro AR, Kepler CK (2022). Clinical Improvements in Myelopathy Result in Improved Patient-Reported Outcomes Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 48(5), 321-329. ()
    42. Lambrechts MJ, Tran K, Conaway W, Karamian BA, Goswami K, Li S, OConnor P, Brush P, Canseco J, Kaye ID, Woods B, Hilibrand A, Schroeder G, Vaccaro A, Kepler C (2023). Modified Frailty Index as a Predictor of Postoperative Complications and Patient-Reported Outcomes after Posterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion. Asian Spine J. ()
    43. Tran KS, Lambrechts MJ, Mazmudar A, Issa TZ, Lee Y, Ledesma J, Goswami K, Li S, Reddy YC, Lambo D, Karamian BA, Canseco JA, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD, Purtill JJ (2023). Evaluating Outcomes of Spinopelvic Fixation for Patients Undergoing Long Segment Thoracolumbar Fusion with a Prior Total Hip Arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. ()
    44. Lambrechts MJ, Steinmetz MP, Karamian BA, Schroeder GD (2023). Is Spinal Endoscopy the Future of Spine Surgery? Clin Spine Surg. ()
    45. Canseco JA, Karamian BA, Lambrechts MJ, Issa TZ, Conaway W, Minetos PD, Bowles D, Alexander T, Sherman M, Schroeder GD, Hilibrand AS, Vaccaro AR, Kepler CK (2023). Risk Stratification of Patients Undergoing Outpatient Lumbar Decompression Surgery. Spine J. ()
    46. Karamian B, Kothari P, Toci G, Lambrechts MJ, Canseco J, Mao J, Narayan R, Alfonsi S, Sirch F, Kheir N, Semenza N, Woods B, Rihn J, Kurd M, Radcliff K, Kaye ID, Hilibrand A, Kepler C, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder G (2023). Effect of Drain Duration and Output on Perioperative Outcomes and Readmissions after Lumbar Spine Surgery. Asian Spine J. ()
    47. Lambrechts MJ, DAntonio N, Toci G, Karamian B, Pezzulo J, Farronato D, Canseco J, Kaye ID, Woods B, Rihn J, Kurd M, Lee J, Hilibrand A, Kepler C, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder G (2023). Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Increases Pseudarthrosis Rates in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusions. Asian Spine J. ()
    48. Lambrechts MJ, Tran K, Conaway W, Karamian BA, Goswami K, Li S, OConnor P, Brush P, Canseco J, Kaye ID, Woods B, Hilibrand A, Schroeder G, Vaccaro A, Kepler C (2023). Modified Frailty Index as a Predictor of Postoperative Complications and Patient-Reported Outcomes after Posterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion. Semin Spine Surg, 17(2), 313-321. ()
    49. Lambrechts MJ, DAntonio N, Toci G, Karamian B, Pezzulo J, Farronato D, Canseco J, Kaye ID, Woods B, Rihn J, Kurd M, Lee J, Hilibrand A, Kepler C, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder G (2023). Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Increases Pseudarthrosis Rates in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusions. Semin Spine Surg, 17(2), 304-312. ()
    50. DAntonio N, Lambrechts MJ, Heard J, Bertiaume E, Toci G, Karamian B, Breyer G, Bodnar J, Canseco J, Hilibrand A, Schroeder G, Vaccaro AR, Kepler C (2023). Effect of Interbody Composition on the Development of Pseudarthrosis Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion. Semin Spine Surg, 17(3), 518-528. ()
    51. Toci G, Lambrechts MJ, Issa T, Karamian B, Siegel N, DAntonio N, Canseco J, Kurd M, Woods B, Kaye ID, Hilibrand A, Kepler C, Vaccaro A, Schroeder G (2023). Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Incidental Durotomy during Lumbar Spine Decompression with or without Fusion. Semin Spine Surg, 17(4), 647-655. ()
    52. Canseco JA, Levy HA, Karamian BA, Blaber O, Chang M, Patel N, Curran J, Hilibrand AS, Schroeder GD, Vaccaro AR, Markova DZ, Surrey DE, Kepler CK (2023). Inhibition of Neurogenic Inflammatory Pathways Associated with the Reduction in Discogenic Back Pain. Semin Spine Surg, 17(6), 1043-1050. ()
    53. Levy HA, Karamian BA, Canseco JA, Henstenburg J, Larwa J, Haislup B, Kaye ID, Woods BI, Radcliff KE, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2022). Does a High Postoperative Opioid Dose Predict Chronic Use After ACDF? World Neurosurg. ()
    54. Ledesma JA, Tran K, Lambrechts MJ, Paziuk TM, Li S, Habbal D, Karamian BA, Canseco JA, Kepler CK, Hilibrand AS, Vaccaro AR, Anderson DG, Schroeder GD (2022). Short-Segment versus Long-Segment Spinal Fusion Constructs for the Treatment of Adult Degenerative Scoliosis: A Comparison of Clinical Outcomes. World Neurosurg. ()
    55. Canseco JA, Karamian BA, Patel PD, Markowitz M, Lee JK, Kurd MF, Anderson DG, Rihn JA, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2022). Perioperative Change in Cervical Lordosis and ÐÇ¿Õ´«Ã½-Related Quality-of-Life Outcomes. Semin Spine Surg, 16(6), 960-968. ()
    56. Siegel N, Lambrechts MJ, Issa TZ, Karamian BA, Wang J, Carter M, Lieb Z, Zaworski C, Dambly J, Canseco JA, Woods B, Kaye D, Rihn J, Kurd M, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2022). Impact of Heart Disease History on Safety of Telemedicine Cardiac Clearance Appointments. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 30(23), 1131-1139. ()
    57. Minetos PD, Karamian BA, Levy HA, Canseco JA, Robinson WA, DAntonio ND, Lambrechts MJ, Chisari E, Kaye ID, Kurd MF, Rihn JA, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Hilibrand AS, Parvizi J, Schroeder GD (2022). Single-level Lumbar Fusion Versus Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Comparison of 1-year Outcomes. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 30(23), e1540-e1549. ()
    58. Karamian BA, Schroeder GD, Lambrechts MJ, Canseco JA, Oner C, Vialle E, Rajasekaran S, Dvorak MR, Benneker LM, Kandziora F, Schnake K, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, AO Spine Subaxial Classification Group Members (2022). An international validation of the AO spine subaxial injury classification system. Eur Spine J, 32, 46-54. ()
    59. Lambrechts MJ, Siegel N, Issa TZ, Karamian BA, Bodnar JG, Canseco JA, Woods BI, Kaye ID, Hilibrand AS, Schroeder GD, Vaccaro AR, Kepler CK (2022). Trends in Short Construct Lumbar Fusions over the Past Decade at a Single Institution. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). ()
    60. Levy HA, Karamian BA, Pezzulo J, Canseco JA, Sherman MB, Kurd MF, Rihn JA, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2022). Do Patient Outcomes Predict Loss to Long-term Follow-up After Spine Surgery? World Neurosurg, 170, e301-e312. ()
    61. Kanhere AP, Paziuk T, Lambrechts MJ, Issa TZ, Karamian BA, Mazmudar A, Tran K, Purtill C, Mangan J, Vaccaro AR, Kepler CK, Schroder GD, Hilibrand AS, Rihn JA (2022). Facet Distraction and Dysphagia: A Prospective Evaluation of this Common Post-Operative Issue Following Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). ()
    62. Lambrechts MJ, Siegel N, Karamian BA, Kanhere A, Tran K, Samuel AM, Viola Iii A, Tokarski A, Santisi A, Canseco JA, David Kaye I, Woods B, Kurd M, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD, Rihn J (2022). Demographics and Medical Comorbidities as Risk Factors for Increased Episode of Care Costs Following Lumbar Fusion in Medicare Patients. Am J Med Qual, 37(6), 519-527. ()
    63. Toci GR, Lambrechts MJ, Karamian BA, Canseco JA, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2022). Patients with Radiculopathy Have Worse Baseline Disability and Greater Improvements Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Compared to Patients with Myelopathy. Spine J, 23, 238-246. ()
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    133. Canseco JA, Karamian BA, Patel PD, Hilibrand AS, Rihn JA, Kurd MF, Anderson DG, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2021). The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Outpatient Spine Trauma Consult Follow-up. Clin Spine Surg, 35, E412-E418. ()
    134. Karamian BA, DiMaria SL, Sawires AN, Canseco JA, Basques BA, Toci GR, Radcliff KE, Rihn JA, Kaye ID, Hilibrand AS, Lee JK, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2021). Clinical Outcomes of Robotic Versus Freehand Pedicle Screw Placement After One-to Three-Level Lumbar Fusion. Global Spine J, 21925682211057491. ()
    135. Schroeder GD, Karamian BA, Canseco JA, Vialle LR, Kandziora F, Benneker LM, Rajasekaran S, Holstein JH, Schnake KJ, Kurd MF, Dvorak MF, Vialle EN, Joaquim AF, Kanna RM, Fehlings M, Wilson JR, Chapman JR, Krieg JC, Kleweno CP, Firoozabadi R, ner FC, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR (2021). Validation of the AO Spine Sacral Classification System: Reliability Among Surgeons Worldwide. J Orthop Trauma, 35(12), e496-e501. ()
    136. Minetos PD, Karamian BA, Kothari P, Jeyamohan H, Canseco JA, Patel PD, Thaete L, Singh A, Campbell D, Kaye ID, Woods BI, Kurd MF, Rihn JA, Anderson DG, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2021). Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Insurance Status of Spine Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department. Am J Med Qual, 37(3), 207-213. ()
    137. Kothari P, Canseco JA, Karamian BA, Minetos PD, Jeyamohan H, Bowles DR, Mao JZ, DiMaria SL, Conaway W, Kaye ID, Woods BI, Kurd MF, Rihn JA, Anderson DG, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2021). Reimbursement of Lumbar Decompression at an Orthopedic Specialty Hospital Versus Tertiary Referral Center. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 46(22), 1581-1587. ()
    138. Canseco JA, Karamian BA, Patel PD, Divi SN, Timmons T, Hallman H, Nachwalter R, Lee JK, Kurd MF, Anderson DG, Rihn JA, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2020). PEEK Versus Titanium Static Interbody Cages: A Comparison of 1-Year Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes for 1-Level TLIFs. Clin Spine Surg, 34(8), E483-E493. ()
    139. Karamian BA, Conaway WK, Mao JZ, Canseco JA, Levy HA, Lee JK, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2021). Circumferential fusion with open versus percutaneous posterior fusion for lumbar isthmic spondylolisthesis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 209, 106935. ()
    140. Canseco JA, Chang M, Karamian BA, Mao JZ, Reyes AA, Mangan J, Divi SN, Goyal DK, Salmons HI, Dohse N, Levy N, Detweiler M, Anderson DG, Rihn JA, Kurd MF, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2021). Predictors of Prolonged Opioid Use After Lumbar Fusion and the Effects of Opioid Use on Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. Global Spine J, 21925682211041968. ()
    141. Russo GS, Canseco JA, Chang M, Levy HA, Nicholson K, Karamian BA, Mangan J, Fang T, Vaccaro AR, Kepler CK (2020). A Novel Scoring System to Predict Length of Stay After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 29(17), 758-766. ()
    142. Canseco JA, Karamian BA, DiMaria SL, Patel PD, Donnally CJ 3rd, Plusch K, Singh A, Nachwalter R, Lee JK, Kurd MF, Anderson DG, Rihn JA, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2021). Timing of Preoperative Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis After Primary One-Level to Three-Level Lumbar Fusion. World Neurosurg, 153, e349-e358. ()
    143. Canseco JA, Karamian BA, DiMaria SL, Patel PD, Divi SN, Chang M, Timmons T, Grewal L, Hallman H, Lee JK, Kaye ID, Woods BI, Kurd MF, Anderson DG, Rihn JA, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2021). Static Versus Expandable Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) Interbody Cages: A Comparison of One-Year Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes for One-Level Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion. World Neurosurg, 152, e492-e501. ()
    144. Vaccaro AR, Karamian BA, Levy HA, Canseco JA, Rajasekaran S, Benneker LM, Oner FC, Kandziora F, Schnake KJ, Kepler CK, Schroeder GD (2021). Update on Upper Cervical Injury Classifications: The New AO Upper Cervical Spine Classification System. Clin Spine Surg, 35, 249-255. ()
    145. Levy HA, Karamian BA, Henstenburg J, Larwa J, Canseco JA, Haislup B, Chang M, Patel P, Radcliff KE, Woods BI, Kurd MF, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2021). The impact of preoperative motor weakness on postoperative opioid use after ACDF. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 26, 23-28. ()
    146. Canseco JA, Minetos PD, Karamian BA, Paziuk TM, Basques BA, DiMaria SL, Timmins T, Hallman H, Henry T, Lee JK, Kurd MF, Anderson DG, Rihn JA, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2021). Comparison Between Three- and Four-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: Patient-Reported and Radiographic Outcomes. World Neurosurg, 151, e507-e516. ()
    147. Levy HA, Karamian BA, Henstenburg J, Larwa J, Canseco JA, Haislup B, Chang M, Patel P, Radcliff KE, Woods BI, Kurd MF, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2021). The impact of preoperative motor weakness on postoperative opioid use after ACDF. J Orthop, 26, 23-28. ()
    148. Karamian BA, Schroeder GD, Holas M, Joaquim AF, Canseco JA, Rajasekaran S, Benneker LM, Kandziora F, Schnake KJ, ner FC, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, AO Spine Subaxial Injury Classification System Validation Group (2021). Variation in global treatment for subaxial cervical spine isolated unilateral facet fractures. Eur Spine J, 30(6), 1635-1650. ()
    149. Schroeder GD, Canseco JA, Patel PD, Divi SN, Karamian BA, Kandziora F, Vialle EN, Oner FC, Schnake KJ, Dvorak MF, Chapman JR, Benneker LM, Rajasekaran S, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, AO Spine Cervical Classification Validation Group (2020). Establishing the Injury Severity of Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma: Validating the Hierarchical Nature of the AO Spine Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification System. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 46(10), 649-657. ()
    150. Karamian BA, Levy HA, Canseco JA, Goyal DKC, Divi SN, Lee JK, Kurd MF, Rihn JA, Hilibrand AS, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD (2021). Does Facet Distraction Affect Patient Outcomes After ACDF? Global Spine J, 21925682211004244. ()
    151. Canseco JA, Franks RR, Karamian BA, Divi SN, Reyes AA, Mao JZ, Al Saiegh F, Donnally CJ 3rd, Schroeder GD, Harrop JS, Pepe MD, Vaccaro AR (2021). Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury in American Football Athletes. Clin J Sport Med, 32, 236-247. ()
    152. Canseco JA, Schroeder GD, Paziuk TM, Karamian BA, Kandziora F, Vialle EN, Oner FC, Schnake KJ, Dvorak MF, Chapman JR, Benneker LM, Rajasekaran S, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR (2020). The Subaxial Cervical AO Spine Injury Score. Global Spine J, 12, 2192568220974339. ()
    153. R Kang J, Glaeser JD, Karamian B, Kanim L, NaPier Z, Koltsov J, Thio T, Salehi K, Bae HW, Cheng I (2019). The effects of varenicline on lumbar spinal fusion in a rat model. Spine J, 20(2), 300-306. ()
    154. Ajiboye RM, Koltsov JCB, Karamian B, Swinford S, Montgomery BK, Arzeno A, Ziino C, Cheng I (2019). Computer-assisted surgical navigation is associated with an increased risk of neurological complications: a review of 67,264 posterolateral lumbar fusion cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 5(4), 457-465. ()
    155. Ajiboye RM, Koltsov JCB, Karamian B, Swinford S, Montgomery BK, Arzeno A, Ziino C, Cheng I (2020). Computer-assisted surgical navigation is associated with an increased risk of neurological complications: a review of 67,264 posterolateral lumbar fusion cases. J Spine Surg, 5(4), 457-465. ()
    156. Arnold PM, Cheng I, Harris JA, Hussain MM, Zhang C, Karamian B, Bucklen BS (2019). Single-Level In Vitro Kinematic Comparison of Novel Inline Cervical Interbody Devices With Intervertebral Screw, Anchor, or Blade. Global Spine J, 9(7), 697-707. ()
    157. Karamian BA, Liu N, Ajiboye RM, Cheng I, Hu SS, Wood KB (2019). Reliability of radiological measurements of type 2 odontoid fracture. Spine J, 19(8), 1324-1330. ()
    158. Oh DS, Cho I, Karamian B, DeMeester SR, Hagen JA (2013). Early adoption of robotic pulmonary lobectomy: feasibility and initial outcomes. Am Surg, 79(10), 1075-80. ()
    159. Bohnert JA, Karamian B, Nikaido H (2010). Optimized Nile Red efflux assay of AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux system shows competition between substrates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 54(9), 3770-5. ()

    Review

    1. Issa TZ, Ezeonu T, Sellig M, Donnally CJ 3rd, Narayanan R, Karamian BA, Patel PD, Divi SN, Robinson WA, Shenoy K, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Canseco JA (2024). An Update in Complication Rates Associated With Anterior Lumbar Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. [Review]. Global Spine J, 21925682241279526. ()
    2. Moore ZJ, Rizkalla JM, Weiner J, Lawrence B, Spina N, Spiker R, Brodke D, Karamian B (2024). Transthyretin amyloidosis in spinal canal stenosis: A systematic review. [Review]. J Orthop, 53, 133-139. ()
    3. Connelly JW, Kothari P, Spina N, Spiker WR, Lawrence B, Brodke DS, Karamian BA (2024). Early versus late intervention for degenerative cervical myelopathy: what are the outcomes?—a review of the current literature. [Review]. AME Med J, 9. ()
    4. Joaquim AF, Bigdon SF, Bransford R, Chhabra HS, Yurac R, Kumar V, El-Sharkawi M, Benneker LM, Karamian BA, Canseco JA, Scherer J, Hassan AA, Schroeder GD, ner CF, Rajasekaran S, Vialle E, Kanna RM, Vaccaro AR, Tee J, Camino-Willhuber G, Fisher CG, Dvorak MF, Schnake KJ (2024). Streamlining the Journey of Research Into Clinical Practice: Making Your Patients and Practice Flourish Optimizing Management and Minimizing Risk of Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures – Perspectives of the AO Spine KF Trauma and Infection Group Key Opinion Leaders. [Review]. Global Spine J. ()
    5. Issa TZ, Ezeonu T, Sellig M, Donnally CJ, Narayanan R, Karamian BA, Patel PD, Divi SN, Robinson WA, Shenoy K, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR, Canseco JA (2024). An Update in Complication Rates Associated With Anterior Lumbar Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. [Review]. Global Spine J. ()
    6. Levy HA, Karamian BA, Yalla GR, Canseco JA, Vaccaro AR, Kepler CK (2022). Impact of surface roughness and bulk porosity on spinal interbody implants. [Review]. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 111, 478-489. ()
    7. Tannoury C, Angelini A, Canseco JA, Castel-Oate A, Chisari E, Denasty A, Dimaria S, Fogel HA, Fogelson JL, Goh GS, Grauer JN, Groot OQ, Kanhere AP, Karamian BA, Kumagai G, Lambrechts M, Mesfin A, Parsa A, Parvizi J, Polly DW, Restrepo C, Schwab JH, Siegel NM, Sutton RM, Tannoury T, Toci GR, Tran KS, Vaccaro AR (2022). Recommendations from the ICM-VTE: Spine. [Review]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 104, 309-328. ()
    8. Karamian BA, Siegel N, Nourie B, Serruya MD, Heary RF, Harrop JS, Vaccaro AR (2022). The role of electrical stimulation for rehabilitation and regeneration after spinal cord injury. [Review]. J Orthop Traumatol, 23(1), 2. ()
    9. Karamian BA, Siegel N, Nourie B, Serruya MD, Heary RF, Harrop JS, Vaccaro AR (2022). The role of electrical stimulation for rehabilitation and regeneration after spinal cord injury. [Review]. J Orthop Traumatol, 23(1), 2. ()
    10. Canseco JA, Karamian BA, Bowles DR, Markowitz MP, DiMaria SL, Semenza NC, Leibensperger MR, Smith ML, Vaccaro AR (2021). Updated Review: The Steroid Controversy for Management of Spinal Cord Injury. [Review]. World Neurosurg, 150, 1-8. ()
    11. Risitano S, Karamian B, Indelli PF (2017). Intraoperative load-sensing drives the level of constraint in primary total knee arthroplasty: Surgical technique and review of the literature. [Review]. J Clin Orthop Trauma, 8(3), 265-269. ()

    Book Chapter

    1. Canseco JA, Karamian, BA (2023). Cervical Degenerative Conditions . In Leesa M Galatz, Frederick M Azar (Eds.), Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: 14 (14th Edition). Wolters Kluwer.
    2. Karamian BA, Harrod CC, Hilibrand AS (2023). Lumbar Microdiscectomy. In Drs. Todd J. Albert and Thomas A. Zdeblick (Eds.), Master Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery: The Spine (4th Edition, pp. 283-293). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
    3. Radcliff C, Karamian BA, DAntonio N, Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR (2023). Posterior Spinal Fixation for Thoracolumbar Trauma. In Drs. Todd J. Albert and Thomas A. Zdeblick (Eds.), Master Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery: The Spine (4th Edition, pp. 227-252). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

    Case Report

    1. Karamian BA, Bishop JA (2020). Iatrogenic Compartment Syndrome After Delayed Primary Closure of the Tibial Fracture-Related Leg Fasciotomy Wound: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect, 10(4), e20.00440. ()
    2. Karamian BA, Campbell ST, Rinsky LA (2019). Complete Atlantoaxial Dislocation After Odontoid Synchondrosis Fracture: A 2-Year Follow-up Study: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect, 9(2), e0327. ()

    Editorial

    1. Torrez T, Dong W, Philippi M, Percin B, Connelly JW, Drain JP, Karamian BA (2024). Cervical disc arthroplasty vs. anterior cervical discectomy and fusion—what are the outcomes? AME Med J, 9. ()
    2. Lambrechts MJ, Karamian BA (2024). Editorial: degenerative spine disease—a review of emerging topics in operative spine care. AME Med J, 9. ()
    3. Lambrechts MJ, Roca H, Karamian BA (2023). Opioid prescriptions in a veteran population undergoing lumbar spine surgery: what are the current knowledge gaps? Semin Spine Surg, 9(1), 6-8. ()
    4. Lambrechts MJ, Roca H, Karamian BA (2023). Opioid prescriptions in a veteran population undergoing lumbar spine surgery: what are the current knowledge gaps? J Spine Surg, 9(1), 6-8. ()

    Letter

    1. Levy HA, Karamian BA, Freedman BA, Sebastian AS (2024). Answer to the letter to the editor of Z. Feng, et al. concerning "Unilateral versus bilateral pedicle screw fixation with anterior lumbar interbody fusion: a comparison of postoperative outcomes" by Levy HA, et al. (Eur Spine J [2024]: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-024-08412-5). [Letter to the editor]. Eur Spine J. ()
    2. Levy HA, Karamian BA, Freedman BA, Sebastian AS (2024). Answer to the letter to the editor of Z. Feng, et al. concerning “Unilateral versus bilateral pedicle screw fixation with anterior lumbar interbody fusion: a comparison of postoperative outcomes†by Levy HA, et al. (Eur Spine J [2024]: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-024-08412-5) [Letter to the editor]. Eur Spine J. ()

    Abstract

    1. Levy H, Karamian B, Canseco J, Hestenburg J, Larwa J, Haislup B, Kaye D, Woods B, Radcliff K, Hilibrand A, Kepler C, Vaccaro A, Schroeder G (2021). Does a high postoperative opioid dose predict chronic use after ACDF? [Abstract]. 21(9), S172.
    2. Levy H, Karamian B, Larwa J, Hestenburg J, Canseco J, Haislup B, Patel P, Chang M, Woods B, Hilibrand A, Kepler C, Vaccaro A, Schroeder G (2021). Is Patient Geography a Risk Factor for Chronic Opioid Use After ACDF? [Abstract]. 21(9), S91-S92.